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Ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu maka nkwukọrịta ekwentị mkpanaaka emeela ka teknụzụ ikuku na-aga n'ihu (G) pụta ìhè, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị iche iche na sistemụ bayoloji. Iji nwalee nke a, anyị kpughere oke na mkpughe otu isi na evolushọn ogologo oge 4G (LTE) - 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) ruo awa 2. Anyị wee nyochaa mmetụta nke lipopolysaccharide kpatara nnukwu neuroinflammation na mkpuchi oghere microglia na ọrụ neuronal electrophysiological na cortex ntị mbụ (ACx). SAR nkezi na ACx bụ 0.5 W/kg. Ndekọ ọtụtụ nkeji na-egosi na LTE-EMF na-akpali mbelata ike nke nzaghachi na ụda dị ọcha na olu eke, ebe mmụba na oke acoustic maka ugboro ole dị ala na nke etiti. Iba1 immunohistochemistry egosighi mgbanwe ọ bụla na mpaghara nke ahụ na usoro microglial kpuchiri. Na oke ndị dị mma, otu mkpughe LTE ahụ emeghị ka mgbanwe na ike nzaghachi na oke acoustic. Data anyị na-egosi na neuroinflammation dị oke njọ na-eme ka neurons nwee mmetụta na LTE-EMF, na-ebute mgbanwe nhazi nke mkpali acoustic na ACx.
Gburugburu elektrọnik nke ụmụ mmadụ agbanweela nke ukwuu n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga n'ihi mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke nkwukọrịta ikuku. Ugbu a, ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị mmadụ bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-eji ekwentị mkpanaaka (MP). Mgbasa nke teknụzụ a emeela ka nchegbu na arụmụka dị ukwuu gbasara mmetụta dị ize ndụ nke ubi elektrọnik pulsed (EMFs) na oke redio (RF), nke ndị MP ma ọ bụ ọdụ ntọala na-ewepụta ma na-akpọpụta nkwukọrịta. Okwu ahụike ọha na eze a akpaliwo ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nnwale raara onwe ha nye inyocha mmetụta nke nnabata rediofrequency na anụ ahụ dị ndụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a achọọla mgbanwe na ọrụ netwọkụ neuronal na usoro nghọta, ebe ụbụrụ dị nso na isi mmalite RF n'okpuru ojiji zuru oke nke MP. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ akụkọ na-akọwa mmetụta nke akara ngosi pulse modulated ejiri na usoro ọgbọ nke abụọ (2G) zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nkwukọrịta mkpanaka (GSM) ma ọ bụ wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/ọgbọ nke atọ sistemụ nkwukọrịta mkpanaka zuru ụwa ọnụ (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2,3,4,5. Amachaghị banyere mmetụta nke akara redio ugboro ugboro ejiri na ọrụ mkpanaka ọgbọ nke anọ (4G), nke dabere na Protocol Ịntanetị dijitalụ niile. teknụzụ a na-akpọ teknụzụ Long Term Evolution (LTE). A na-atụ anya na ọrụ ekwentị LTE ga-eru ijeri 6.6 nke ndị debanyere aha LTE zuru ụwa ọnụ na Jenụwarị 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Ma e jiri ya tụnyere sistemụ GSM (2G) na WCDMA (3G) dabere na atụmatụ nhazi otu onye na-ebu ya, LTE na-eji Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) dị ka usoro mgbaama bụ isi6. N'ụwa niile, ọrụ ekwentị LTE na-eji ọtụtụ eriri ugboro dị iche iche n'etiti 450 na 3700 MHz, gụnyere eriri 900 na 1800 MHz ejiri na GSM.
Ike nke ikpughe RF nwere ike imetụta usoro ndu bụ nke a na-ekpebi nke ọma site na ọnụego nnabata kpọmkwem (SAR) nke a na-egosipụta na W/kg, nke na-atụle ike a na-etinye na anụ ahụ dị ndụ. Mmetụta nke ikpughe isi nke nkeji 30 na akara LTE 2.573 GHz na ọrụ netwọk akwara ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ ka achọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mmadụ nwere ahụike. Site na iji fMRI ọnọdụ izu ike, a hụrụ na ikpughe LTE nwere ike ibute mgbanwe ugboro ole na ole na mgbanwe na njikọ dị n'ime ma ọ bụ n'etiti mpaghara, ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọkwa SAR nke sara mbara karịa 10 g nke anụ ahụ dị iche n'etiti 0.42 na 1.52 W/ kg, dịka isiokwu 7, 8, 9 si kwuo. Nyocha EEG n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikpughe yiri nke ahụ (oge nkeji 30, atụmatụ ọkwa SAR kacha elu nke 1.34 W/kg site na iji ụdị isi mmadụ na-anọchite anya ya) gosipụtara mbelata ike spectral na njikọ hemispheric na alfa na beta bands. Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ndị ọzọ dabere na nyocha EEG chọpụtara na nkeji 20 ma ọ bụ 30 nke ikpughe isi LTE, yana ọkwa SAR mpaghara kachasị elu nke edobere na ihe dị ka 2 W/kg, enweghịkwa ihe a na-achọpụta. mmetụta11 ma ọ bụ mee ka ike spectral dị na eriri alfa belata, ebe nghọta agbanweghị na ọrụ enyochara na ule Stroop 12. A hụkwara ọdịiche dị mkpa na nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ EEG ma ọ bụ nke ọgụgụ isi kpọmkwem na-ele mmetụta nke ikpughe GSM ma ọ bụ UMTS EMF. A na-eche na ha sitere na mgbanwe na nhazi usoro na paramita nnwale, gụnyere ụdị akara na mgbanwe, ike ikpughe na ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ site na ọdịiche dị na ndị mmadụ gbasara afọ, anatomi, ma ọ bụ okike.
Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị nnyocha anụmanụ ole na ole ka e jirila chọpụta otu ikpughe na mgbaàmà LTE si emetụta ọrụ ụbụrụ. Akọpụtala na nso nso a na ikpughe na usoro nke òké ndị na-etolite site na mmalite nke afọ ime ruo na mwepụ nwa (nkeji 30/ụbọchị, ụbọchị 5/izu, yana nkezi SAR ahụ dum nke 0.5 ma ọ bụ 1 W/kg) butere mgbanwe na omume anụ ahụ na agụụ na okenye 14. Achọpụtara na ikpughe na usoro ugboro ugboro (2 ha kwa ụbọchị maka izu 6) n'ime òké ndị toro eto na-akpata nrụgide oxidative ma belata oke nke ikike anya a na-enweta site na akwara anya, yana atụmatụ SAR kachasị dị ala dị ka 10 mW/kg15.
Na mgbakwunye na nyocha n'ọtụtụ nha, gụnyere ọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ na molekul, enwere ike iji ụdị òké mụọ mmetụta nke ikpughe RF n'oge ọrịa, dịka e lere anya na mbụ na GSM ma ọ bụ WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF n'ihe gbasara mbufụt akwara dị oke njọ. Ọmụmụ ihe egosila mmetụta nke ọdịdọ, ọrịa neurodegenerative ma ọ bụ gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Oke Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) a na-agba n'ime ya bụ ihe nlereanya a ma ama maka nzaghachi neuroinflammation dị oke njọ nke metụtara ọrịa ndị na-efe efe na-adịghị mma nke nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na-akpata nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ mmadụ kwa afọ. Ọnọdụ mkpali a na-eduga na ọrịa a na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọrịa omume ịda mbà n'obi nke a na-ahụ site na ahụ ọkụ, enweghị agụụ, na mbelata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Phagocytes CNS bi na ya dị ka microglia bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa nke nzaghachi neuroinflammation a. Ọgwụgwọ nke òké na LPS na-akpali mkpali nke microglia nke a na-akọwa site na imeghari ọdịdị ha na usoro sel na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na profaịlụ transcriptome, gụnyere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-agbanwe cytokines ma ọ bụ enzymes pro-inflammatory, nke na-emetụta netwọk neuronal Ihe omume 22, 23, 24.
N'ịmụ banyere mmetụta nke otu mkpughe isi GSM-1800 MHz EMF nke awa abụọ na oke ndị LPS gwọrọ, anyị chọpụtara na mkpughe GSM na-akpali mmeghachi omume sel na cerebral cortex, na-emetụta ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing na morphology nke microglia na cerebral cortex. Achọpụtaghị mmetụta ndị a na oke ndị dị mma nke natara otu mkpughe GSM ahụ, na-atụ aro na ọnọdụ neuroinflammatory nke LPS kpalitere na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ CNS nwee ike ịnweta mkpughe GSM. Na-elekwasị anya na cortex auditory (ACx) nke oke ndị LPS gwọrọ, ebe SAR mpaghara ahụ ruru nkezi 1.55 W/kg, anyị hụrụ na mkpughe GSM butere mmụba n'ogologo ma ọ bụ njikọta nke usoro microglial na mbelata na nzaghachi neuronal nke ụda dị ọcha na .Natural Stimulation 28 kpaliri.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a dị ugbu a, anyị bu n'obi inyocha ma mkpughe isi naanị na mgbaàmà LTE-1800 MHz nwekwara ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị microglial na ọrụ neuronal na ACx, na-ebelata ike nke mkpughe site na ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ. Anyị na-egosi ebe a na mkpughe LTE enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na usoro microglial mana ọ ka kpalitere mbelata dị ukwuu na ọrụ cortical nke ụda na-akpali akpali na ACx nke oke LPS ejiri LPS gwọọ nke nwere uru SAR nke 0.5 W/kg.
Ebe anyị nwere ihe akaebe gara aga na mkpughe na GSM-1800 MHz gbanwere ọdịdị microglial n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na-ebute mbufụt, anyị nyochachara mmetụta a mgbe anyị kpughechara na mgbaàmà LTE.
A gbara òké ndị toro eto ọgwụ LPS awa iri abụọ na anọ tupu ha ekpughere onwe ha n'isi ma ọ bụ ikpughe na LTE-1800 MHz. Mgbe ekpughere ha, e guzobere mmeghachi omume neuroinflammatory nke LPS kpalitere na cortex ụbụrụ, dịka egosiri site na mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa proinflammatory na mgbanwe na cortical microglia morphology (Foto 1). Ike nke isi LTE kpughere ka edobere iji nweta nkezi ọkwa SAR nke 0.5 W/kg na ACx (Foto 2). Iji chọpụta ma microglia nke LPS na-arụ ọrụ na-aza LTE EMF, anyị nyochachara akụkụ cortical nke ejiri anti-Iba1 kpuchie nke kpọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a aha. Dịka egosiri na Foto 3a, na ngalaba ACx edobere awa 3 ruo 4 mgbe ekpughere sham ma ọ bụ LTE, microglia yiri nke ahụ nke ukwuu, na-egosi ọdịdị sel "dị ka oke" nke ọgwụgwọ LPS pro-inflammatory kpaliri (Foto 1). Dabere na enweghị nzaghachi morphological, nyocha onyonyo ọnụọgụgụ egosighi ọdịiche dị mkpa na mpaghara zuru oke (ule t-na-ejikọghị ọnụ, p = 0.308) ma ọ bụ mpaghara (p = 0.196) na njupụta (p = 0.061) nke mmeghachi omume mgbochi ọrịa Iba1 mgbe a na-atụnyere mkpughe na ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ntụpọ Iba 1 na oke LTE na anụmanụ ndị nwere ntụpọ (Foto 3b-d).
Mmetụta nke ọgwụ LPS ip na cortical microglia morphology. Echiche nnọchiteanya nke microglia na ngalaba coronal nke cerebral cortex (mpaghara dorsomedial) awa 24 mgbe etinyere LPS ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala (njikwa) n'ime peritoneal. E tinyere ihe mgbochi anti-Iba1 n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ dịka akọwara na mbụ. Ọgwụgwọ LPS pro-inflammatory butere mgbanwe na morphology nke microglia, gụnyere oke ọkpụrụkpụ proximal na mmụba nke obere alaka nke usoro sel, na-ebute ọdịdị "dị oke". Ogwe nha: 20 µm.
Nyocha dosimetric nke ọnụego nnabata kpọmkwem (SAR) n'ụbụrụ oke n'oge ikpughe na 1800 MHz LTE. Ejirila ụdị dị iche iche nke antenna phantom rat na loop62 kọwaara na mbụ iji nyochaa SAR mpaghara n'ụbụrụ, yana grid cubic 0.5 mm3.(a) Echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị oke n'ime ebe ikpughe nwere antenna loop n'elu isi na pad okpomọkụ metal (odo) n'okpuru ahụ.(b) Nkesa nke ụkpụrụ SAR n'ụbụrụ okenye na mkpebi oghere 0.5 mm3. Mpaghara nke akara ojii kewara na ngalaba sagittal kwekọrọ na cortex ntị bụ isi ebe a na-enyocha ọrụ microglial na neuronal. Nha agba nke ụkpụrụ SAR metụtara ihe ngosi ọnụọgụgụ niile egosiri na eserese ahụ.
Microglia LPS a gbara n'ime cortex ntị oke mgbe ekpughechara LTE ma ọ bụ Sham.(a) Nlereanya nke microglia e tinyere n'ime ihe mgbochi anti-Iba1 n'ime akụkụ coronal nke cortex ntị oke LPS perfused awa 3 ruo 4 mgbe ekpughechara Sham ma ọ bụ LTE (ikpughe). Ogwe nha: 20 µm.(bd) Nyocha morphometric nke microglia awa 3 ruo 4 mgbe sham (ntụpọ mepere emepe) ma ọ bụ mkpughe LTE (ntụpọ ojii a kpughepụrụ).(b, c) Mkpuchi oghere (b) nke akara microglia Iba1 na mpaghara nke ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ Iba1 dị mma (c). Data na-anọchite anya mpaghara ntụpọ anti-Iba1 nke a na-eme ka ọ dị ka nkezi sitere na anụmanụ ndị Sham kpughere.(d) Ọnụọgụ nke ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ microglial anti-Iba1 nwere ntụpọ. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti anụmanụ Sham (n = 5) na LTE (n = 6) adịghị mkpa (p > 0.05, ule t-na-ejikọghị ọnụ). Elu na ala nke igbe ahụ, ahịrị elu na ala na-anọchite anya Pasentị nke 25-75 na pasentị nke 5-95, n'otu n'otu. A na-eji uhie akara nkezi uru ahụ n'ime igbe ahụ.
Tebụl 1 na-achịkọta ọnụọgụ anụmanụ na ndekọ ọtụtụ nkeji e nwetara na kọlọtọ ntị nke otu oke anọ (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS). Na nsonaazụ dị n'okpuru, anyị gụnyere ndekọ niile nke na-egosi nnukwu mpaghara nnabata oge (STRF), ya bụ, nzaghachi olu na-akpali ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọdịiche ọkọlọtọ 6 dị elu karịa ọnụego ịgba égbè na-enweghị isi (lee Tebụl 1). Site n'itinye ụkpụrụ a n'ọrụ, anyị họọrọ ndekọ 266 maka otu Sham, ndekọ 273 maka otu Exposed, ndekọ 299 maka otu Sham-LPS, na ndekọ 295 maka otu Exposed-LPS.
Na paragraf ndị na-eso, anyị ga-ebu ụzọ kọwaa paramita ndị e si na mpaghara nnabata spectral-temporal wepụta (ya bụ, nzaghachi nye ụda dị ọcha) na nzaghachi nye ụda olu kpọmkwem nke xenogeneic. Anyị ga-akọwazi nhazi nke mpaghara nzaghachi ugboro ole enwetara maka otu ọ bụla. N'ịtụle ọnụnọ nke "data e tinyere n'ime"30 na nhazi nnwale anyị, emere nyocha ọnụọgụgụ niile dabere na ọnụọgụ ọnọdụ dị na usoro elektrọd (ahịrị ikpeazụ na Tebụl 1), mana mmetụta niile akọwara n'okpuru dabere na ọnụọgụ ọnọdụ dị na otu ọ bụla. Ọnụọgụ mkpokọta ndekọ ọtụtụ unit anakọtara (ahịrị nke atọ na Tebụl 1).
Foto 4a na-egosi nkesa ugboro kacha mma (BF, na-eme ka nzaghachi kacha elu na 75 dB SPL) nke akwara cortical enwetara na Sham ejiri LPS gwọọ na anụmanụ ndị ekpughere. E gbasaara oke ugboro BF n'ime otu abụọ ahụ site na 1 kHz ruo 36 kHz. Nyocha ọnụọgụgụ gosiri na nkesa ndị a yiri ibe ha (chi-square, p = 0.278), na-atụ aro na enwere ike iji ntụnyere n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ na-enweghị echiche nlele.
Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na paramita a tụrụ atụ nke nzaghachi cortical na anụmanụ ndị LPS gwọọ.(a) Nkesa BF na neurons cortical nke anụmanụ ndị LPS gwọọ nke LTE kpughere (ojii) na ndị LTE kpughere (ọcha). Enweghị ihe dị iche n'etiti nkesa abụọ ahụ.(bf) Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na paramita ndị na-ekpebi mpaghara nnabata oge spectral (STRF). Ike nzaghachi belatara nke ukwuu (*p < 0.05, ule t-unconnected) n'ofe STRF (ike nzaghachi zuru oke) na ugboro kacha mma (b,c). Oge nzaghachi, bandwit nzaghachi, na njigide bandwit (df). Ma ike na ntụkwasị obi oge nke nzaghachi na olu ebelatala (g, h). Ọrụ mberede ebelataghị nke ukwuu (i).(*p < 0.05, ule t-unconnected).(j,k) Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na oke cortical. Oke nkezi dị elu nke ukwuu na oke ndị LTE kpughere ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke ndị nwere sham kpughere. Mmetụta a na-apụta ìhè karịa na ugboro dị ala na etiti.
Foto 4b-f na-egosi nkesa nke paramita sitere na STRF maka anụmanụ ndị a (ihe e ji ahịrị uhie gosi). Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na anụmanụ ndị a gwọrọ LPS yiri ka ọ na-egosi mbelata nke mkpali neuronal. Nke mbụ, ike nzaghachi na nzaghachi zuru oke dị ala na BF ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụmanụ Sham-LPS (Fig. 4b,c ule t-unconnected, p = 0.0017; na p = 0.0445). N'otu aka ahụ, nzaghachi na ụda nkwukọrịta belatara ma ike nzaghachi na ntụkwasị obi n'etiti nnwale (Fig. 4g,h; ule t-unconnected, p = 0.043). A belatara ọrụ mberede, mana mmetụta a adịghị mkpa (Fig. 4i; p = 0.0745). Oge nzaghachi, nhazi bandwit, na oge nzaghachi emetụtaghị site na ikpughe LTE na anụmanụ ndị a gwọrọ LPS (Fig. 4d-f), na-egosi na nhọrọ ugboro ugboro na nkenke nke nzaghachi mmalite emetụtaghị site na ikpughe LTE na anụmanụ ndị a gwọrọ LPS.
Anyị nyochachara ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere mgbanwe n'ókè cortical dị ọcha site na ikpughe LTE. Site na mpaghara nzaghachi ugboro (FRA) nke e nwetara site na ndekọ ọ bụla, anyị kpebiri oke ntị maka ugboro ọ bụla ma mee ka oke ndị a dị n'otu maka otu anụmanụ abụọ ahụ. Foto 4j na-egosi oke ntị nkezi (± sem) site na 1.1 ruo 36 kHz na oke ndị a gwọrọ LPS. Iji ọnụ ụzọ ntị nke otu Sham na Exposed tụnyere gosiri mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụ ụzọ ámá na anụmanụ ndị a kpughepụrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụmanụ Sham (Fig. 4j), mmetụta nke pụtara ìhè karịa na obere ugboro na etiti. Kpọmkwem, na obere ugboro (< 2.25 kHz), oke nke neurons A1 nwere oke ntị nke dị elu mụbara, ebe oke nke neurons dị ala na nke dị n'etiti belatara (chi-square = 43.85; p < 0.0001; Fig. 4k, aka ekpe Foto). A hụrụ otu mmetụta ahụ n'etiti ugboro (2.25 < Freq(kHz) < 11): oke dị elu nke ndekọ cortical nwere oke etiti na obere oke nke neurons nwere oke ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu a na-ekpugheghị (Chi - Square = 71.17; p < 0.001; Foto 4k, panel etiti). Enwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche na oke maka neurons ugboro ugboro dị elu (≥ 11 kHz, p = 0.0059); oke nke neurons dị ala belatara ma oke nke oke etiti dị elu mụbara (chi-square = 10.853; p = 0.04 Foto 4k, panel aka nri).
Foto nke 5a na-egosi nkesa ugboro kacha mma (BF, na-eme ka nzaghachi kachasị elu na 75 dB SPL) nke akwara cortical enwetara n'ime anụmanụ dị mma maka otu Sham na Exposed. Nyocha ọnụọgụgụ gosiri na nkesa abụọ ahụ yiri ibe ha (chi-square, p = 0.157), na-atụ aro na enwere ike iji ntụnyere n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ na-enweghị echiche nlele.
Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na paramita a tụrụ atụ nke nzaghachi cortical na anụmanụ ahụike.(a) Nkesa BF na neurons cortical nke anụmanụ ahụike ekpughere na LTE (acha anụnụ anụnụ gbara ọchịchịrị) na nke e kpughere na LTE (acha anụnụ anụnụ dị ọkụ). Enweghị ihe dị iche n'etiti nkesa abụọ ahụ.(bf) Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na paramita na-ekpebi mpaghara nnabata oge spectral (STRF). Enweghị mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ike nzaghachi n'ofe STRF na ugboro kacha mma (b,c). Enwere obere mmụba na oge nzaghachi (d), mana enweghị mgbanwe na bandwit nzaghachi na bandwit (e, f). Ike ma ọ bụ ntụkwasị obi oge nke nzaghachi na olu agbanweghị (g, h). Enweghị mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ọrụ mberede (i).(*p < 0.05 ule t-unconnected).(j,k) Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na oke cortical. Na nkezi, a gbanweeghị oke na oke ndị e kpughere na LTE ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke ndị e kpughere na Sham, mana oke ugboro dị elu dị ntakịrị ala na anụmanụ ndị e kpughere.
Foto 5b-f na-egosi igbe ndị na-anọchite anya nkesa na nkezi (ahịrị uhie) nke paramita sitere na setịpụ STRF abụọ. N'anụmanụ dị mma, ikpughe LTE n'onwe ya enweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkezi uru nke paramita STRF. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu Sham (igbe ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ gbara ọchịchịrị maka otu ndị a na-ekpughe), ikpughe LTE agbanweghị ike nzaghachi zuru oke ma ọ bụ nzaghachi nke BF (Fig. 5b,c; ule t-unconnected, p = 0.2176, na p = 0.8696 n'otu n'otu). Enweghịkwa mmetụta ọ bụla na bandwit spectral na latency (p = 0.6764 na p = 0.7129, n'otu n'otu), mana enwere mmụba dị ukwuu na oge nzaghachi (p = 0.047). Enweghịkwa mmetụta ọ bụla na ike nke nzaghachi olu (Fig. 5g, p = 0.4375), ntụkwasị obi n'etiti nnwale nke nzaghachi ndị a (Fig. 5h, p = 0.3412), na ọrụ onwe onye (Fig. 5).5i; p = 0.3256).
Foto nke 5j na-egosi oke nkezi (± sem) site na 1.1 ruo 36 kHz na oke ndị dị mma. O gosighị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti oke sham na oke ndị a na-ekpughe, ma e wezụga oke dị ala karịa na anụmanụ ndị a na-ekpughe na ugboro dị elu (11–36 kHz) (ule t-na-ejikọghị ọnụ, p = 0.0083). Mmetụta a na-egosipụta eziokwu ahụ na n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-ekpughe, na oke ugboro a (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Fig. 5k), e nwere obere neurons karịa nwere oke dị ala na nke dị n'etiti (ebe oke dị elu) obere neurons).
Na mmechi, mgbe anụmanụ ndị dị mma na-enweta LTE, enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na ike nzaghachi nye ụda dị ọcha na ụda dị mgbagwoju anya dịka ụda olu. Ọzọkwa, na anụmanụ ndị dị mma, oke olu cortical yiri nke anụmanụ ndị a na-ekpughe na anụmanụ ndị a na-eme ihe ọjọọ, ebe na anụmanụ ndị a na-agwọ LPS, mkpughe LTE butere nnukwu mmụba na oke olu cortical, karịsịa na oke ugboro ole na ole dị ala na nke etiti.
Nnyocha anyị gosiri na n'ime oke oke nwoke toro eto na-enwe nnukwu mbufụt neuroinflammation, ikpughe na LTE-1800 MHz na SARACx mpaghara nke 0.5 W/kg (lee Usoro) butere mbelata dị ukwuu na ike nke nzaghachi sitere na ụda na ndekọ mbụ nke nkwukọrịta. Mgbanwe ndị a na ọrụ neuronal mere na-enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla doro anya na oke nke mpaghara oghere nke usoro microglial kpuchiri. Ahụghị mmetụta nke LTE na ike nke nzaghachi cortical evoked na oke ndị dị mma. N'ịtụle myirịta na nkesa ugboro kacha mma n'etiti nkeji ndekọ na anụmanụ ndị LTE evoked na ndị evoked na-ekpughe, ọdịiche dị na mmeghachi omume neuronal nwere ike ịbụ na mmetụta bayọlọji nke mgbaàmà LTE kama ịnwale echiche (Fig. 4a). Ọzọkwa, enweghị mgbanwe na latency nzaghachi na bandwit nhazi spectral na oke ndị e kpughere na LTE na-egosi na, o yikarịrị ka e si n'otu oyi akwa cortical ahụ wepụta ndekọ ndị a, nke dị na ACx mbụ kama mpaghara nke abụọ.
Dịka anyị maara, a kọbeghị mmetụta nke mgbaàmà LTE na nzaghachi neuronal na mbụ. Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga edekọwo ikike nke GSM-1800 MHz ma ọ bụ 1800 MHz na-aga n'ihu (CW) iji gbanwee mkpali neuronal, n'agbanyeghị na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dabere na ụzọ nnwale ahụ. Obere oge ka ekpughere ya na 1800 MHz CW na ọkwa SAR nke 8.2 W/Kg, ndekọ sitere na ganglia snail gosiri mbelata oke maka ịkpalite ikike ime ihe na mgbanwe neuronal. N'aka nke ọzọ, mmụba na mmegharị na ọdịbendị neuronal mbụ sitere na ụbụrụ oke belatara site na ikpughe na GSM-1800 MHz ma ọ bụ 1800 MHz CW maka nkeji 15 na SAR nke 4.6 W/kg. Mgbochi a bụ naanị ihe a ga-agbanwe n'ime nkeji 30 nke ikpughe. Emere mmechi zuru oke nke neurons na SAR nke 9.2 W/kg. Nyocha nzaghachi dose gosiri na GSM-1800 MHz dị irè karịa 1800 MHz CW n'igbochi ọrụ mgbawa, na-atụ aro na nzaghachi neuronal dabere na nhazi mgbaàmà RF.
N'ebe anyị nọ, a chịkọtara mmeghachi omume cortical nke a na-akpọ cortical n'ime awa 3 ruo 6 mgbe mkpughe isi awa 2 gasịrị. N'ọmụmụ ihe gara aga, anyị nyochara mmetụta nke GSM-1800 MHz na SARACx nke 1.55 W/kg ma ahụghị mmetụta dị mkpa na nzaghachi cortical nke a na-akpọ ụda na oke ndị dị mma. N'ebe a, naanị mmetụta dị mkpa nke a na-akpọ na oke ndị dị mma site na ikpughe na LTE-1800 na 0.5 W/kg SARACx bụ obere mmụba na oge nzaghachi mgbe e gosipụtara ụda dị ọcha. Mmetụta a siri ike ịkọwa n'ihi na ọ naghị eso ya na mmụba na ike nzaghachi, na-atụ aro na oge nzaghachi dị ogologo a na-eme na otu ọnụọgụgụ nke ike omume nke cortical neurons na-agba. Otu nkọwa nwere ike ịbụ na mkpughe LTE nwere ike ibelata ọrụ nke ụfọdụ interneurons inhibitory, dịka e dekọrọ na na mgbochi nri ACx mbụ na-achịkwa oge nke nzaghachi mkpụrụ ndụ pyramidal nke ntinye thalamic excitatory na-akpali33,34, 35, 36, 37.
N'ụzọ dị iche, n'ime oke ndị nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke LPS kpalitere, mkpughe LTE enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla n'oge ọkụ neuronal nke ụda na-akpali, mana achọpụtara mmetụta dị ukwuu na ike nke nzaghachi ndị a kpọpụtara. N'ezie, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nzaghachi neuronal nke e dekọrọ na oke LPS-sham-exposed, neurons na oke LPS agwọtara LTE gosipụtara mbelata na ike nke nzaghachi ha, mmetụta a hụrụ ma mgbe ha na-egosi ụda dị ọcha na olu eke. Mbelata na ike nke nzaghachi na ụda dị ọcha mere na-enweghị mbelata nke bandwidth nhazi spectral nke 75 dB, ebe ọ bụ na ọ mere na ike ụda niile, ọ butere mmụba na oke acoustic nke neurons cortical na obere na etiti ugboro.
Mbelata ike nzaghachi e mere gosiri na mmetụta nke mgbaàmà LTE na SARACx nke 0.5 W/kg na anụmanụ ndị e nyere ọgwụgwọ LPS yiri nke GSM-1800 MHz e tinyere na SARACx ugboro atọ karịa (1.55 W/kg) 28. Banyere mgbaàmà GSM, ikpughe isi na LTE-1800 MHz nwere ike ibelata mkpali neuronal na neurons oke ACx nke LPS kpalitere. Dịka echiche a si dị, anyị hụkwara usoro na-aga n'ihu na mbelata ntụkwasị obi nnwale nke nzaghachi neuronal na olu (Foto 4h) na mbelata ọrụ mberede (Foto 4i). Agbanyeghị, o siri ike ikpebi na vivo ma mgbaàmà LTE na-ebelata mkpali neuronal n'ime ahụ ma ọ bụ na-ebelata ntinye synaptic, si otú a na-achịkwa nzaghachi neuronal na ACx.
Nke mbụ, mmeghachi omume ndị a na-adịghị ike nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbelata nke mkpali nke mkpụrụ ndụ cortical mgbe ekpughere ha na LTE 1800 MHz. N'ịkwado echiche a, GSM-1800 MHz na 1800 MHz-CW belatara ọrụ mgbawa mgbe etinyere ya ozugbo na omenala mbụ nke neurons oke cortical nwere ọkwa SAR nke 3.2 W/kg na 4.6 W/kg, n'otu n'otu, mana achọrọ ọkwa SAR iji belata ọrụ mgbawa nke ukwuu. Na-akwado maka mbelata mkpali nke ime, anyị hụkwara obere ọnụego nke ịgba ọkụ na-enweghị ihe mberede na anụmanụ ndị ekpughere karịa na anụmanụ ndị ekpughere.
Nke abụọ, ikpughe LTE nwekwara ike imetụta nnyefe synaptic site na synapses thalamo-cortical ma ọ bụ cortical-cortical. Ọtụtụ ndekọ na-egosi ugbu a na, na cortex auditory, obosara nke nhazi spectral abụghị naanị site na afferent thalamic projections, kama na njikọ intracortical na-enye ntinye spectral ọzọ na saịtị cortical39,40. Na nnwale anyị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na cortical STRF gosipụtara bandwidth yiri ya na anụmanụ ndị a kpughere na ndị a kpughere na-egosi na mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE abụghị mmetụta na njikọ cortical-cortical. Nke a na-egosikwa na njikọ dị elu na mpaghara cortical ndị ọzọ a kpughere na SAR karịa ka a tụrụ na ACx (Fig. 2) nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe kpatara nzaghachi ndị gbanwere agbanwe akọpụtara ebe a.
N'ebe a, oke ọnụọgụgụ nke ndekọ cortical nke LPS gosipụtara oke elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụmanụ ndị LPS-sham-exposed. Ebe ọ bụ na a tụrụ aro na ike nke thalamo-cortical synapse na-achịkwa oke cortical acoustic39,40, enwere ike iche na nnyefe thalamo-cortical na-ebelata akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ikpughe, ma ọ bụ presynaptic (mbelata ntọhapụ glutamate) ma ọ bụ ọkwa postsynaptic (mbelata ọnụọgụgụ ndị nnata ma ọ bụ njikọ).
Dịka mmetụta nke GSM-1800 MHz si dị, mmeghachi omume neuronal gbanwere nke LTE kpatara mere n'ọnọdụ nke neuroinflammation nke LPS kpatara, nke a na-ahụ site na nzaghachi microglial. Ihe akaebe dị ugbu a na-egosi na microglia na-emetụta ọrụ nke netwọk neuronal na ụbụrụ nkịtị na nke ọrịa41,42,43. Ike ha nwere ịgbanwe neurotransmission dabere na mmepụta nke ihe ndị ha na-emepụta nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ nwee ike igbochi neurotransmission, kamakwa na nnukwu mmegharị nke usoro cell ha. Na cortex ụbụrụ, ma mmụba na mbelata ọrụ nke netwọk neuronal na-akpali mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ngalaba oghere microglial n'ihi uto nke usoro microglial44,45. Karịsịa, a na-anakọta protrusions microglial nso synapses thalamocortical na-arụ ọrụ ma nwee ike igbochi ọrụ nke synapses excitatory site na usoro gụnyere mmepụta adenosine mpaghara microglia.
N'ime oke ndị LPS gwọrọ na GSM-1800 MHz na SARACx na 1.55 W/kg, mbelata ọrụ nke neurons ACx mere na uto nke usoro microglial nke akara mpaghara Iba1 dị mkpa na ACx28 Increase. Ihe a chọpụtara na-egosi na mgbanwe microglial nke GSM na-akpata nwere ike itinye aka na mbelata nke GSM kpatara na nzaghachi neuronal ndị na-akpali ụda. Ọmụmụ ihe anyị ugbu a na-arụ ụka megide echiche a na ọnọdụ nke ikpughe isi LTE na SARACx nke ejedebere na 0.5 W/kg, ebe anyị ahụghị mmụba na ngalaba oghere nke usoro microglial kpuchiri. Agbanyeghị, nke a anaghị ewepụ mmetụta ọ bụla nke mgbaàmà LTE na microglia nke LPS na-arụ ọrụ, nke nwere ike imetụta ọrụ neuronal. A chọrọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ iji zaa ajụjụ a na ịchọpụta usoro nke neuroinflammation dị oke njọ si agbanwe nzaghachi neuronal na mgbaàmà LTE.
Dịka anyị maara, a mụọbeghị mmetụta nke mgbaàmà LTE na nhazi ntị mbụ. Ọmụmụ ihe anyị gara aga 26,28 na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a gosiri na n'ọnọdụ mbufụt dị oke njọ, ikpughe isi naanị na GSM-1800 MHz ma ọ bụ LTE-1800 MHz butere mgbanwe ọrụ na nzaghachi neuronal na ACx, dịka egosiri site na mmụba nke oke ntị. Maka ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe abụọ bụ isi, ikpughe LTE anyị ekwesịghị imetụta ọrụ cochlear. Nke mbụ, dịka egosiri na ọmụmụ dosimetry egosiri na Foto 2, ọkwa kachasị elu nke SAR (ihe dị ka 1 W/kg) dị na cortex dorsomedial (n'okpuru antenna), ha na-ebelata nke ukwuu ka mmadụ na-agagharị n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ. Akụkụ ventral nke isi. Enwere ike ime atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka 0.1 W/kg na ọkwa nke pinna oke (n'okpuru ọwa ntị). Nke abụọ, mgbe a kpughere ntị ezi guinea ruo ọnwa 2 na GSM 900 MHz (ụbọchị 5/izu, awa 1/ụbọchị, SAR n'etiti 1 na 4 W/kg), Enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla a pụrụ ịchọpụta na oke nke ngwaahịa mgbagọ ahụ nke ihe mgbochi otoacoustic Thresholds maka Emission na Auditory Brainstem Responses 47. Ọzọkwa, ikpughe isi ugboro ugboro na GSM 900 ma ọ bụ 1800 MHz na SAR mpaghara nke 2 W/kg emetụtaghị ọrụ mkpụrụ ndụ ntutu isi mpụga cochlear na oke dị mma48,49. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi data enwetara n'ime mmadụ, ebe nyocha egosila na ikpughe EMF nkeji 10 ruo 30 site na ekwentị mkpanaaka GSM enweghị mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na nhazi ntị dịka enyochachara na ọkwa cochlear50,51,52 ma ọ bụ ọkwa ụbụrụ53,54.
N'ọmụmụ ihe anyị, a hụrụ mgbanwe ọkụ neuronal nke LTE kpalitere na vivo awa 3 ruo 6 mgbe ekpughere ya kwụsị. N'ọmụmụ ihe gara aga na akụkụ dorsomedial nke cortex, a hụghịzi ọtụtụ mmetụta nke GSM-1800 MHz kpatara n'ime awa 24 mgbe ekpughere ya ka achọpụtara ya n'ime awa 72 mgbe ekpughere ya. Nke a bụ ikpe na mgbasawanye nke usoro microglial, mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa IL-1ß na mgbanwe mgbe ntụgharị nke ndị nnata AMPA gasịrị. N'ịtụle na cortex auditory nwere uru SAR dị ala (0.5W/kg) karịa mpaghara dorsomedial (2.94W/kg26), mgbanwe na ọrụ neuronal akọpụtara ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ ihe na-adịru nwa oge.
Data anyị kwesịrị ịtụle oke SAR na atụmatụ nke ezigbo uru SAR e nwetara na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ nke ndị na-eji ekwentị mkpanaaka. Ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a eji echebe ọha na eze na-edobe oke SAR ka ọ bụrụ 2 W/kg maka ikpughe isi ma ọ bụ ahụ mpaghara na ugboro redio dị na oke 100 kHz na 6 GHz RF.
E jiri ụdị isi mmadụ dị iche iche mee ihe ngosi dose iji chọpụta nnabata ike RF na anụ ahụ dị iche iche nke isi n'oge mkparịta ụka isi ma ọ bụ ekwentị mkpanaaka. Na mgbakwunye na ụdị isi mmadụ dị iche iche, ihe ngosi ndị a na-egosi nnukwu ọdịiche ma ọ bụ enweghị obi ike na atụmatụ ike ụbụrụ na-amịkọrọ dabere na paramita anatomical ma ọ bụ histological dịka ọdịdị mpụta ma ọ bụ nke ime nke okpokoro isi, ọkpụrụkpụ, ma ọ bụ ọdịnaya mmiri. Akwara isi dị iche iche dị iche iche dabere na afọ, okike, ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla 56,57,58. Ọzọkwa, njirimara ekwentị mkpanaaka, dị ka ebe dị n'ime nke antenna na ọnọdụ ekwentị mkpanaaka metụtara isi onye ọrụ, na-emetụta ọkwa na nkesa nke uru SAR na cortex ụbụrụ59,60. Agbanyeghị, n'ịtụle nkesa SAR akọọrọ na cortex ụbụrụ mmadụ, nke e guzobere site na ụdị ekwentị mkpanaaka na-ewepụta ugboro redio na oke 1800 MHz58, 59, 60, o yiri ka ọkwa SAR enwetara na cortex ntị mmadụ ka anaghị etinye ọkara nke cortex ụbụrụ mmadụ. Ọmụmụ ihe anyị (SARACx 0.5 W/kg). Ya mere, data anyị anaghị agbagha oke ugbu a nke ụkpụrụ SAR ndị metụtara ọha na eze.
Na mmechi, ọmụmụ ihe anyị na-egosi na otu isi naanị na LTE-1800 MHz na-egbochi nzaghachi neuronal nke cortical neurons na mkpali mmetụta uche. Dabere na njirimara gara aga nke mmetụta nke mgbaàmà GSM, nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na mmetụta nke mgbaàmà LTE na ọrụ neurons dịgasị iche dabere na ọnọdụ ahụike. Nfụkasị neuroinflammation dị oke njọ na-eme ka neurons nwee mmetụta na LTE-1800 MHz, na-ebute mgbanwe nhazi cortical nke mkpali ntị.
A chịkọtara data mgbe ha dị ụbọchị iri ise na ise site na ụbụrụ nke oke Wistar nwoke toro eto 31 e nwetara n'ụlọ nyocha Janvier. E tinyere oke n'ebe a na-achịkwa iru mmiri (50-55%) na okpomọkụ (22-24 °C) yana okirikiri ìhè/ọchịchịrị nke awa iri na abụọ/awa iri na abụọ (ọkụ na-enwu n'elekere asaa na ọkara nke ụtụtụ) yana ohere ịnweta nri na mmiri n'efu. Emere nnwale niile dịka ntuziaka nke Council of the European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive) guzobere, nke yiri nke akọwara na Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research. Kọmitii Omume Paris-Sud na Center kwadoro usoro a site na iji usoro ndị kọmitii a kwadoro 32-2011 na 34-2012.
A na-eme ka anụmanụ biri n'ime ụlọ ndị dị n'ime ụlọ ruo opekata mpe otu izu tupu a gwọọ ha ma nye ha ọgwụgwọ LPS (ma ọ bụ ikpughe ha n'ụzọ aghụghọ) na LTE-EMF.
E tinyere oke iri abụọ na abụọ ọgwụ E. coli LPS (250 µg/kg, serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) nke a gwakọtara na saline isotonic nke na-enweghị endotoxin dị ọcha awa iri abụọ na anọ tupu e kpughee LTE ma ọ bụ n'ime otu ahụ (n) n'ime afọ ime (ip). = 11). N'ime oke Wistar dị ọnwa abụọ, ọgwụgwọ LPS a na-emepụta nzaghachi neuroinflammatory nke a na-ahụ na cerebral cortex site na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) ka achịkwachara awa 24 ka etinyere LPS, gụnyere mmụba okpukpu anọ na iri na abụọ na ọkwa nke transcripts na-akọwapụta enzyme NOX2 na interleukin 1ß, n'otu n'otu. N'oge awa 24 a, cortical microglia gosipụtara ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ "dị oke" a na-atụ anya ya site na mkpali pro-inflammatory nke LPS na-akpali (Foto 1), nke dị iche na mkpali nke LPS na-akpali site na ndị ọzọ. Mmelite pro-inflammatory cell kwekọrọ na 24, 61.
E jiri usoro nnwale e jibu mee nyocha mmetụta nke GSM EMF26. E mere ka a na-ekpughe LTE EMF naanị n'isi awa 24 ka a gbasịrị LPS (anụmanụ 11) ma ọ bụ enweghị ọgwụgwọ LPS (anụmanụ 5). E jiri ketamine/xylazine (ketamine 80 mg/kg, ip; xylazine 10 mg/kg, ip) mee anụmanụ ndị ahụ obere ọgwụ mgbu tupu e kpughee ha iji gbochie mmegharị ahụ na iji hụ na isi anụmanụ ahụ dị n'ime eriri aka ahụ na-ewepụta akara LTE ebe a na-emegharị ahụ n'okpuru. Ọkara nke oke ndị si n'otu igbe ahụ jere ozi dị ka njikwa (anụmanụ 11 e kpughere n'ihu ọha, n'ime oke 22 e jiri LPS gwọọ tupu oge eruo): e tinyere ha n'okpuru eriri aka ahụ ma tinye ike nke akara LTE ka ọ bụrụ efu. Ibu nke anụmanụ ndị a kpughere na ndị a kpughere n'ihu ọha yiri nke ahụ (p = 0.558, ule t-unwod, ns). E tinyere anụmanụ niile e tinyere ọgwụ mgbu na pad na-enweghị ígwè iji mee ka okpomọkụ ahụ ha dị ihe dị ka 37°C n'oge nnwale ahụ. Dịka ọ dị na Nnwale ndị gara aga, e tinyere oge ikpughe ahụ ruo awa abụọ. Mgbe ikpughechara ya, tinye anụmanụ ahụ n'elu ihe mkpuchi ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ịwa ahụ. E jiri otu usoro ikpughe ahụ mee ihe na oke iri dị mma (anaghị agwọ LPS), ọkara n'ime ha bụ ndị e si n'otu ụlọ ahụ pụta (p = 0.694).
Sistemụ mkpughe ahụ yiri sistemụ 25, 62 akọwara na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga, ebe edochiri ihe na-emepụta redio ugboro ugboro iji mepụta LTE kama ubi elektrọnik GSM. N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, e jikọtara ihe na-emepụta RF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Germany) nke na-ewepụta ubi elektrọnik LTE - 1800 MHz na ihe na-eme ka ike dịkwuo elu (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), ihe na-ekesa (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), ihe na-ejikọta ụzọ abụọ (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, France) na ihe na-ekewa ụzọ anọ (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, France), na-enye ohere ka e gosipụta anụmanụ anọ n'otu oge. Igwe ike (N1921A, Agilent, USA) ejikọtara na ihe na-ejikọta ụzọ abụọ na-enye ohere ka a na-atụ ihe na nlekota ihe merenụ na ike gosipụtara n'ime ngwaọrụ ahụ. E jikọtara mmepụta ọ bụla na antenna loop (Sama-Sistemi) srl; Roma), na-eme ka isi anụmanụ ahụ pụta ìhè n'akụkụ. Anteena loop ahụ nwere sekit ebipụtara nwere ahịrị ígwè abụọ (dielectric constant εr = 4.6) nke e sere n'elu ihe mkpuchi epoxy. N'otu nsọtụ, ngwaọrụ ahụ nwere waya obosara 1 mm nke na-akpụ mgbanaka nke etinyere nso n'isi anụmanụ ahụ. Dịka ọ dị na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga26,62, e kpebiri ọnụego nnabata kpọmkwem (SAR) site na ọnụọgụgụ site na iji ụdị oke ọnụọgụgụ na usoro oge dị iche iche (FDTD)63,64,65. E chọpụtakwara ha site na nnwale na ụdị oke yiri ya site na iji nyocha Luxtron iji tụọ mmụba okpomọkụ. N'okwu a, a na-agbakọ SAR na W/kg site na iji usoro: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, ebe C bụ ikike okpomọkụ na J/(kg K), ΔT, na °K na Δt Mgbanwe okpomọkụ, oge na sekọnd. E jiri ụkpụrụ SAR nke e kpebiri na ọnụọgụgụ tụnyere ụkpụrụ SAR nnwale enwetara site na iji ụdị yiri ya, ọkachasị na mpaghara ụbụrụ oke nhata. Ihe dị iche n'etiti nha SAR ọnụọgụgụ na ụkpụrụ SAR nke a chọpụtara na nnwale bụ ihe na-erughị 30%.
Foto nke 2a na-egosi nkesa SAR n'ụbụrụ oke na ụdị oke, nke dabara na nkesa ahụ n'ihe gbasara ibu ahụ na nha oke ndị ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe anyị. Nkezi SAR n'ụbụrụ bụ 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (nkezi ± SD). Ọnụọgụ SAR dị elu na mpaghara cortical dị n'okpuru antenna loop. SAR mpaghara na ACx (SARACx) bụ 0.50 ± 0.08 W/kg (nkezi ± SD) (Fig. 2b). Ebe ọ bụ na ibu ahụ nke oke ndị a na-ekpughere bụ otu ihe na ọdịiche dị na ọkpụrụkpụ anụ ahụ isi adịghị mma, a na-atụ anya na SAR nke ACx ma ọ bụ mpaghara cortical ndị ọzọ ga-adị nnọọ ka otu anụmanụ a na-ekpughere na nke ọzọ.
Mgbe e kpughechara anụmanụ ahụ, e tinyere ọgwụ ketamine ọzọ (20 mg/kg, ip) na xylazine (4 mg/kg, ip) ruo mgbe ahụghị mmegharị ahụ na-emegharị ahụ mgbe ha kụchara ụkwụ azụ. E tinyere ọgwụ anestetiiki mpaghara (Xylocain 2%) n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ na akwara temporalis n'elu okpokoro isi, e wee tinye anụmanụ ndị ahụ na sistemụ kpo oku na-enweghị ígwè. Mgbe e tinyere anụmanụ ahụ n'ime etiti stereotaxic, e mere craniotomy n'elu cortex temporary aka ekpe. Dịka ọ dị na ọmụmụ ihe anyị gara aga66, site na njikọ nke ọkpụkpụ parietal na temporational, oghere ahụ dị 9 mm obosara na 5 mm elu. E wepụrụ dura dị n'elu ACx nke ọma n'okpuru njikwa binocular na-emebighị arịa ọbara. Na njedebe nke usoro ahụ, e wuru ntọala na simenti acrylic ezé maka itinye isi anụmanụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ atraumatic mgbe a na-edekọ ya. Debe etiti stereotaxic nke na-akwado anụmanụ ahụ n'ime ụlọ attenuation acoustic (IAC, nlereanya AC1).
E nwetara data site na ndekọ ọtụtụ nkeji na cortex ntị mbụ nke oke iri abụọ, gụnyere anụmanụ iri e ji LPS gwọọ tupu oge eruo. E nwetara ndekọ mpụga sel site na usoro elektrọd tungsten iri na isii (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) nke nwere ahịrị abụọ nke elektrọd asatọ dị n'agbata 1000 µm (350 µm n'etiti elektrọd n'otu ahịrị). E tinyere waya ọlaọcha (ø: 300 µm) maka ịtọ ntọala n'etiti ọkpụkpụ temporal na dura contralateral. Ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ACx bụ isi bụ 4-7 mm dị n'azụ bregma na ventral 3 mm na suture supratemporal. E mere ka akara ahụ dịkwuo elu ugboro 10,000 (TDT Medusa) wee hazie ya site na sistemụ nnweta data ọtụtụ ọwa (RX5, TDT). E tinyere akara anakọtara site na elektrọd ọ bụla (610–10,000 Hz) iji wepụta ọrụ ọtụtụ nkeji. (MUA). E ji nlezianya hazie ọkwa ihe mkpali maka elektrọd ọ bụla (site n'aka ndị dere ya na-ekpuchi anya ruo n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-ekpughe ma ọ bụ ndị a na-ekpughe n'ụzọ aghụghọ) iji họrọ ikike ihe omume kachasị ukwuu site na mgbaàmà ahụ. Nnyocha n'ịntanetị na n'ịntanetị nke ụdị ebili mmiri gosiri na MUA achịkọtara ebe a nwere ikike ihe omume nke neuron 3 ruo 6 dị nso na elektrọd ndị ahụ mepụtara. Na mbido nnwale ọ bụla, anyị setịpụrụ ọnọdụ nke usoro elektrọd ka ahịrị abụọ nke elektrọd asatọ wee nwee ike ịnwale neurons, site na nzaghachi ugboro ole dị ala ruo elu mgbe emere ya na ntụzịaka rostral.
E mepụtara ihe mkpali olu na Matlab, zigara ya na sistemụ nnyefe ụda dabere na RP2.1 (TDT) ma zigara ya na igwe okwu Fostex (FE87E). E tinyere igwe okwu ahụ n'ebe dị sentimita 2 site na ntị aka nri nke oke ahụ, ebe ebe igwe okwu ahụ si emepụta spectrum ugboro dị larịị (± 3 dB) n'etiti 140 Hz na 36 kHz. E jiri mkpọtụ na ụda dị ọcha dekọọ ya na igwe okwu Bruel na Kjaer 4133 na ihe ndekọ dijitalụ Marantz PMD671. E ji ugboro gamma-tone 97 chọpụta Spectral Time Receptor Field (STRF), nke na-ekpuchi octaves 8 (0.14–36 kHz), nke e gosipụtara n'usoro na-enweghị usoro na 75 dB SPL na 4.15 Hz. A na-ekpebi Mpaghara Mmeghachi Omume Ugboro (FRA) site na iji otu usoro ụda ahụ ma gosipụta ya n'usoro na-enweghị usoro na 2 Hz site na 75 ruo 5 dB SPL. A na-egosi ugboro ọ bụla ugboro asatọ. na ike ọ bụla.
A tụlekwara mmeghachi omume nye ihe ndị sitere n'okike. N'ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga, anyị hụrụ na ụda oke anaghị akpata mmeghachi omume siri ike na ACx, n'agbanyeghị ugboro ole neuronal kacha mma (BF), ebe xenograft-specific (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda egwu ma ọ bụ olu ezi Guinea) na-abụkarị map ụda dum. Ya mere, anyị nwalere nzaghachi cortical na ụda olu na ezi Guinea (opi ejiri na 36 jikọọ na 1 s nke ihe mkpali, gosipụtara ugboro 25).

Anyị nwekwara ike hazie ihe ndị dị na rf passive dịka ihe ị chọrọ si dị. Ị nwere ike itinye ibe nhazi iji nye nkọwapụta ịchọrọ.
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