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Ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu maka nkwurịta okwu ekwentị mkpanaaka emeela ka ọ pụta ìhè na-aga n'ihu nke teknụzụ ikuku (G), nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị iche iche na usoro ndu. Iji nwalee nke a, anyị kpugheere oke na otu isi na-ekpughere 4G ogologo oge evolushọn (LTE) -1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) maka awa 2. Anyị wee nyochaa mmetụta nke lipopolysadcharide spain lipopolysactaride micro-flantide lipopoly. na electrophysiological neuronal ọrụ na isi auditory cortex (ACx) .Nkezi SAR na ACx bụ 0.5 W/kg.Multi-unit ndekọ na-egosi na LTE-EMF na-akpalite mbelata ike nke nzaghachi na dị ọcha ụda na eke vocalizations, ebe mmụba na acoustic ọnụ ụzọ maka ala na etiti-oke ala na-egosi na ọ dịghị mgbanwe n'ime microglish. ahu na usoro.N'ime oke oke ike, otu ihe ngosi LTE emeghị ka mgbanwe dị na nzaghachi siri ike na ọnụ ụzọ ụda. Ihe data anyị na-egosi na nnukwu neuroinflammation na-eme ka neurons dị na LTE-EMF, na-ebute mgbanwe nhazi nke mkpali ụda na ACx.
Ebe electromagnetic nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ agbanweela nke ukwuu n'ime iri afọ atọ gara aga n'ihi mgbasawanye nke mgbasa ozi ikuku na-aga n'ihu. Ugbu a, ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị mmadụ ka a na-ewere ndị ọrụ ekwentị mkpanaaka (MP). Mgbasa dị ukwuu nke nkà na ụzụ a akpatala nchegbu na arụmụka banyere mmetụta dị ize ndụ nke pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) na pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) na redio redio (RF) nke a na-ebute site na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze site na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke MP site n'ike mmụọ nsọ. ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnwale nnwale etinyere na-enyocha mmetụta nke rediofrequency absorption na biological tissues1. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-achọ mgbanwe na neuronal netwọk ọrụ na cognitive usoro, nyere na mbịarambịa nke ụbụrụ na RF isi mmalite n'okpuru pervasive ojiji nke MP.Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ekwu okwu mmetụta nke pulse modulated mgbaàmà na-eji na nke abụọ ọgbọ (2G) usoro nkwurịta okwu mobile wideband (2G) zuru ụwa ọnụ usoro. (WCDMA)/ ọgbọ nke atọ Universal mobile telecommunications Systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Amaara ntakịrị banyere mmetụta nke redio ugboro n'ókè nke ejiri na ọrụ mkpanaka ọgbọ nke anọ (4G), nke na-adabere na nkà na ụzụ Internet Protocol dijitalụ niile nke a na-akpọ Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. A na-atụ anya na ọrụ LTE6 ga-erute ọrụ LTE6. January 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com) .Tụnyere GSM (2G) na WCDMA (3G) usoro dabere na otu-ebu modulation atụmatụ, LTE eji Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) dị ka isi mgbaama format6.Worldwide, LTE mobile ọrụ na-eji a nso nke dị iche iche ugboro band n'etiti 4500 na 3MHz0 MHz gụnyere 4500 MHz na 3 MHz. A na-ejikwa ụbọ akwara na GSM.
Ikike nke RF ikpughe iji metụta usoro ndu bụ nke a na-ekpebi nke ukwuu site na ọnụọgụ absorption (SAR) akọwapụtara na W/kg, bụ nke na-atụnye ike na-etinye n'ime anụ ahụ dị ndụ. Mmetụta nke nnukwu nkeji 30 nkeji ikpughe na 2.573 GHz LTE akara na ọrụ netwọk neuronal zuru ụwa ọnụ ka a nyochachara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ime ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo dị mma. Mgbanwe na njikọ intra- ma ọ bụ n'etiti mpaghara, ebe ọkwa SAR dị elu karịa 10 g nke anụ ahụ ka a na-eme atụmatụ ịdịgasị iche n'etiti 0.42 na 1.52 W/kg, dị ka isiokwu 7, 8, 9.EEG si kwuo n'okpuru ọnọdụ mkpughe yiri nke ahụ (ogologo nkeji 30, atụmatụ SAR kachasị elu nke 1.34 W/kg) na-egosipụta ike n'ụdị isi mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta abụọ ọzọ dabere na nyocha EEG chọpụtara na 20 ma ọ bụ 30 nkeji nke mkpughe isi LTE, na ọkwa SAR kacha elu nke dị na gburugburu 2 W / kg, ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na-achọpụta11 ma ọ bụ mee ka ike spectral dị na band alpha belata, ebe cognition agbanweghị na ọrụ a na-enyocha ya na Stroop test results 12 dị ịrịba ama nchọpụta EEG. kpọmkwem na-eleba anya na mmetụta nke GSM ma ọ bụ UMTS EMF. A na-eche na ha ga-ebilite site na mgbanwe dị iche iche na nhazi usoro na ihe nyocha, gụnyere ụdị mgbaàmà na mgbanwe, ike ikpughe na ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ site na ọdịdị dị iche iche na isiokwu mmadụ gbasara afọ, arụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ okike.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ihe ọmụmụ anụmanụ ole na ole iji chọpụta otú ikpughe na mgbaàmà LTE si emetụta ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. A kọwo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na mkpughe usoro nke ụmụ oke na-eto eto site na njedebe embrayo na-agbapụ ara (30 min / day, 5 days / week, with a mean ofụri body SAR of 0.5 or 1 W / kg) butere na mgbanwe moto na agụụ 14 omume n'ime okenye ụbọchị 6 omume. izu) n'ime oke ndị toro eto ka achọpụtara na-ebute nrụgide oxidative wee belata njupụta nke ikike a na-ahụ anya nke enwetara site na akwara optic, yana SAR kacha elu na-eche na ọ dị obere ka 10 mW/kg15.
Na mgbakwunye na nyocha n'ọtụtụ akpịrịkpa, gụnyere ọkwa cellular na molecular, enwere ike iji ụdị òké iji mụọ mmetụta nke mkpughe RF n'oge ọrịa, dị ka lekwasịrị anya na mbụ na GSM ma ọ bụ WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF n'ihe gbasara nnukwu neuroinflammation. Nnyocha egosiwo mmetụta nke ọdịdọ, ọrịa neurodegenerative ma ọ bụ gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -gbanye òké bụ ihe atụ preclinical kpochapụwo nke nnukwu nzaghachi neuroinflammatory jikọtara ya na ọrịa na-efe efe nke nje virus ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ. Nke a na-akpata mkpasu iwe na-eduga n'ọrịa na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọrịa omume ịda mbà n'obi nke a na-eji ahụ ọkụ, ọnwụ nke agụụ, na mbelata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ CNS dị ka micropharynx. Nzaghachi. Ọgwụgwọ nke òké na LPS na-akpalite ịgbalite microglia nke e ji emezigharị ọdịdị ha na usoro cellular na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na profaịlụ transcriptome, gụnyere nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eme ka cytokines pro-inflammatory ma ọ bụ enzymes, nke na-emetụta netwọk neuronal Ọrụ 22, 23, 24.
N'ịmụ ihe mmetụta nke otu elekere 2 nke ikpughe na GSM-1800 MHz EMF na oke ndị a na-emeso LPS, anyị chọpụtara na mgbaàmà GSM na-ebute nzaghachi cellular na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, na-emetụta okwu mkpụrụ ndụ, phosphorylation glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing na morphology nke microsebral mmetụta na-achọpụtaghị na microsebral mmetụta. natara otu ihe ngosi GSM ahụ, na-atụ aro na ọnọdụ LPS na-akpata neuroinflammatory na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ CNS na-ahụ maka mgbaàmà GSM. Na-elekwasị anya na cortex auditory (ACx) nke oke ndị LPS na-agwọ, ebe SAR dị n'ógbè ahụ ruru 1.55 W / kg, anyị chọpụtara na mkpughe GSM mere ka mmụba n'ogologo ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ogologo ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ nke microglial na-azaghachi na nzaghachi nke microglial. Mkpali 28.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a, anyị chọrọ inyocha ma isi naanị ikpughe na akara LTE-1800 MHz nwekwara ike gbanwee microglial morphology na neuronal ọrụ na ACx, na-ebelata ike ikpughe site na ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ. Anyị na-egosi ebe a na akara ngosi LTE enweghị mmetụta na usoro microglial mana ka na-ebute mbelata dị ukwuu na ụda-evoked cortical ọrụ na SAR ACx nke LPS-trat.
Nyere ihe akaebe gara aga na ikpughe na GSM-1800 MHz gbanwere microglial morphology n'okpuru ọnọdụ pro-inflammatory, anyị nyochara mmetụta a mgbe ekpughere akara ngosi LTE.
A na-agbanye oke ndị toro eto na LPS 24 awa tupu isi-naanị mkpughe ma ọ bụ ikpughe na LTE-1800 MHz. Mgbe ikpughe, LPS-triggered neuroinflammatory reactions e guzobere na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, dị ka e gosipụtara site na ngbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa proinflammatory na mgbanwe na cortical microglia morphology (Figure 1) SAR nke SAR ka e debere isi na nkezi LTE5. ACx (Nyocha 2) . Iji chọpụta ma microglia na-arụ ọrụ LPS ọ na-anabata LTE EMF, anyị nyochara akụkụ cortical nke nwere mgbochi Iba1 nke na-ahọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a. Dị ka e gosiri na foto 3a, na ngalaba ACx edozi 3 ruo 4 awa mgbe sham ma ọ bụ LTE ikpughe, microglia lere anya n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama-dị ka ọgwụgwọ nke LTE, nke na-egosi promorphology nke LTE. (Nyocha 1) .N'ikwekọ na enweghị nzaghachi morphological, nyocha ihe oyiyi nke ọnụọgụ gosipụtara enweghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara mkpokọta (t-test na-enweghị atụ, p = 0.308) ma ọ bụ mpaghara (p = 0.196) na njupụta (p = 0.061) nke Iba1 immunoreactivity mgbe atụnyere ikpughe na anụ ụlọ Ibats 1- raarat. 3 b-d).
Mmetụta nke LPS ip injection on cortical microglia morphology.Nlekọta anya nke microglia na a coronal ngalaba nke cerebral cortex (dorsomedial region) 24 awa mgbe intraperitoneal injection nke LPS ma ọ bụ ụgbọ (njikwa) .Cell e ntụpọ na anti-Iba1 antibody dị ka akọwara mbụ.LPS pro-inflammatory agwọ ọrịa mere ka mkpụkọ ọgwụgwọ na-amụba n'ime mkpụkọ nke alaka proglia. nke usoro cellular, na-ebute ọdịdị "oke yiri".
A na-eji nyocha dosimetric nke ọnụego nnabata kpọmkwem (SAR) na ụbụrụ oke n'oge mkpughe na 1800 MHz LTE. A na-eji ụzọ kọwaa ụdị dị iche iche nke oke oke na antenna62 iji nyochaa SAR mpaghara na ụbụrụ, yana grid cubic 0.5 mm3. ahụ.(b) Nkesa nke ụkpụrụ SAR na ụbụrụ ndị okenye na 0.5 mm3 spatial resolution. Mpaghara nke ejiri akara ojii dị na ngalaba sagittal kwekọrọ na cortex isi auditory cortex bụ ebe a na-enyocha ọrụ microglial na neuronal. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke agba agba nke ụkpụrụ SAR na-emetụta ihe ngosi ọnụọgụ niile egosipụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ.
LPS gbanyere microglia n'ime oke auditory cortex na-eso LTE ma ọ bụ Sham ikpughe.(a) Nleba anya stacked nke microglia nwere mgbochi Iba1 na akụkụ coronal nke LPS-perfused rat auditory cortex 3 ruo 4 awa mgbe Sham ma ọ bụ LTE mkpughe (mkpughe) .Scale bar: 20 µm nke microphom. sham (oghe oghere) ma ọ bụ LTE ikpughe (ekpughere, ntụpọ ojii).(b, c) mkpuchi oghere (b) nke microglia marker Iba1 na mpaghara nke Iba1-positive cell ozu (c) .Data na-anọchi anya mgbochi Iba1 staining area normalized to mean from Sham-exped anụmanụ. (n = 6) ụmụ anụmanụ abụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama (p> 0.05, t-test na-enweghị atụ) .N'elu na ala nke igbe ahụ, ahịrị elu na nke ala na-anọchi anya 25th-75th percentile na 5-95th percentile.
Isiokwu 1 chịkọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ na ndekọ multi-unit enwetara na isi auditory cortex nke anọ dị iche iche nke oke (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS) .Na nsonaazụ n'okpuru, anyị na-agụnye niile ndekọ na-egosipụta a ịrịba spectral temporal nnabata ubi (STRF), ie, ụda-evoked nzaghachi ma ọ dịkarịa ala 6 ọkọlọtọ (lee fig). 1) N'itinye ụkpụrụ a, anyị na-ahọrọ 266 ndekọ maka otu Sham, 273 ndekọ maka Exposed, 299 ndekọ maka Sham-LPS otu, na 295 ndekọ maka Exposed-LPS otu.
Na paragraf ndị na-esonụ, anyị ga-ebu ụzọ kọwaa paramita ndị a na-ewepụta na mpaghara nnabata spectral-oge (ya bụ, nzaghachi maka ụda dị ọcha) na nzaghachi nke xenogeneic kpọmkwem vocalizations. Anyị ga-akọwakwa quantification nke mpaghara nzaghachi ugboro ugboro enwetara maka otu ọ bụla. N'ịtụle ọnụnọ nke "data akwụ ụgwọ"30 na nhazi nnwale anyị, a na-eme ihe niile dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ electrost. ahịrị na Tebụl 1), mana mmetụta niile akọwara n'okpuru daberekwa na ọnụọgụ ọnọdụ dị na otu ọ bụla. Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndekọ multiunit anakọtara (ahịrị nke atọ na Tebụl 1).
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 4a na-egosi nkesa kachasị mma (BF, na-eme ka nzaghachi dị elu na 75 dB SPL) nke cortical neurons nwetara na LPS-emeso Sham na anụmanụ ndị a na-ekpughere. A na-agbatị ugboro ugboro nke BF na ìgwè abụọ ahụ site na 1 kHz ruo 36 kHz. Nyocha nyocha gosiri na nkesa ndị a yiri (chi-square, p8) na-atụ aro na otu abụọ nwere ike ịdị n'etiti 0. nlele ele anya.
Mmetụta nke LTE ikpughe na quantified parameters nke cortical nzaghachi na LPS-emeso anụmanụ.(a) BF nkesa na cortical neurons nke LPS-emeso anụmanụ kpughere LTE (oji) na sham-ekpughere LTE (ọcha) .Enweghị ihe dị iche n'etiti abụọ nkesa. (* p <0.05, unpaired t-test) gafee ma STRF (ngụkọta ike nzaghachi) na oge kachasị mma (b, c) . Ogologo oge nzaghachi, bandwidth nzaghachi, na bandwidth na-adịgide adịgide (df) . Ma ike na ntụkwasị obi nke oge na-azaghachi na ụda olu na-ebelata (g, h) . t-test).(j,k) Mmetụta nke mkpughe nke LTE na ọnụ ụzọ cortical. Ọnụ ụzọ ndị pụtara dị elu nke ukwuu na oke LTE ekpughere ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke ndị na-ekpuchi sham. Mmetụta a na-apụta karịa na obere oge na etiti.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 4b-f na-egosi nkesa nkesa nke sitere na STRF maka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a (pụtara na-egosi site na ahịrị uhie) .Mmetụta nke ikpughe LTE na anụmanụ ndị a na-emeso LPS pụtara na-egosi mbelata nke neuronal excitability. Nke mbụ, n'ozuzu nzaghachi ike na nzaghachi dị ntakịrị ala na BF ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụmanụ Sham-LPS (Fig. 4b, c unpaired, 1 p7t.0; p7t.0). 0.0445) .N'otu aka ahụ, nzaghachi na ụda nkwurịta okwu na-ebelata ma ike nzaghachi na ntụkwasị obi nke inter-trial (Fig. 4g, h; unpaired t-test, p = 0.043) . Ọrụ mberede na-ebelata, ma mmetụta a abụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama (Fig. 4i; p = 0.0745) Nzaghachi, na-emetụtaghị ogologo oge na-atụgharị na bandwidth LTE. (Fig. 4d-f), na-egosi na nhọrọ ugboro ugboro na nhazi nke nzaghachi mmalite emetụtaghị mkpughe LTE na anụmanụ ndị LPS na-emeso.
Anyị na-enyocha ma ọnụ ụzọ cortical ụda dị ọcha gbanwere site na ikpughe LTE. Site na mpaghara nzaghachi ugboro ugboro (FRA) nke enwetara site na ndekọ ọ bụla, anyị na-ekpebi ọnụ ụzọ nyocha maka ugboro ọ bụla na nkezi ọnụ ụzọ ndị a maka ìgwè anụmanụ abụọ ahụ. N'ihe atụ 4j na-egosi ihe pụtara (± sem) ọnụ ụzọ site na 1.1 ruo 36-kHz nke na-enyocha ihe nyocha nke L.Commpar. ndị Sham na Exposed dị iche iche gosipụtara mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụ ụzọ n'ime anụmanụ ndị ekpughere ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụmanụ Sham (Fig 4j), mmetụta nke na-apụtawanye ìhè na obere oge na etiti. = 43.85; p <0.0001; Fig. 4k, foto aka ekpe). A hụrụ otu mmetụta ahụ n'etiti ugboro ugboro (2.25
Mmetụta nke LTE ikpughe na quantified parameters nke cortical nzaghachi na anụ ahụ dị mma. na oge kachasị mma (b, c) .Enwere ntakịrị mmụba na oge nzaghachi (d), ma ọ dịghị mgbanwe na bandwidth nzaghachi na bandwit (e, f) . Ma ike ma ọ bụ ntụkwasị obi nke oge nke nzaghachi na ụda olu gbanwere (g, h) . Ọ dịghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ọrụ mberede (i) . thresholds.Na nkezi, ọnụ ụzọ agbanwebeghị nke ọma na oke LTE ekpughere ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke Sham ekpughere, mana ọnụ ụzọ ugboro dị elu dị ntakịrị ala n'anụmanụ ekpughere.
Ọnụọgụ 5b-f na-egosi igbe igbe na-anọchite anya nkesa na pụtara (akara uhie) nke parameters sitere na usoro abụọ nke STRF. Na anụ ahụ dị mma, ikpughe LTE n'onwe ya nwere mmetụta dị nta na uru nke STRF paramita. = 0.2176, na p = 0.8696 n'otu n'otu) .Ọ dịghịkwa mmetụta ọ bụla na bandwidth na nkwụsịtụ (p = 0.6764 na p = 0.7129, n'otu n'otu), ma enwere mmụba dị ukwuu na oge nzaghachi (p = 0.047) .Ọ dịghịkwa mmetụta ọ bụla na ike nke nzaghachi ụda olu.5g.5g (Fig 3). ntụkwasị obi inter-ikpe nke nzaghachi ndị a (Fig 5h, p = 0.3412), na ọrụ mberede (Fig 5) .5i; p = 0.3256).
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 5j na-egosi ọnụ ụzọ (± sem) site na 1.1 ruo 36 kHz na oke ahụike. O gosipụtaghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama n'etiti sham na oke ekpughere, ma e wezụga n'ókè dị ntakịrị ala n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-ekpughere n'ogo dị elu (11-36 kHz) (t-ule na-enweghị atụ, p = 0.0083, nke a na-egosipụta n'ezie anụ ọhịa). 18.312, p = 0.001; Fig. 5k), enwere obere neurons nwere ọnụ ụzọ dị ala na nke ọkara (ebe ọnụ ụzọ dị elu) obere neurons).
N'ikpeazụ, mgbe anụ ahụ dị mma na-ekpuchi LTE, ọ dịghị mmetụta ọ bụla na nzaghachi nzaghachi na ụda dị ọcha na ụda mgbagwoju anya dị ka ụda olu dị ka ụda olu. Ọzọkwa, na anụ ahụ dị mma, ọnụ ọgụgụ cortical auditory dị n'etiti anụ ọhịa na-ekpuchi anya na anụ ọhịa anụ ọhịa, ebe n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-emeso LPS, ikpughe LTE mere ka mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụ ụzọ cortical, karịsịa na etiti dị ala.
Ọmụmụ ihe anyị gosiri na n'ime ụmụ nwoke ndị toro eto na-enwe nnukwu nhụjuanya neuroinflammation, ikpughe na LTE-1800 MHz na SARACx mpaghara nke 0.5 W / kg (lee Ụzọ) mere ka mbelata dị ukwuu na ike nke ụda na-azaghachi na isi ihe ndekọ nke nkwurịta okwu. Mgbanwe ndị a na ọrụ neuronal mere n'enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na-eme ka ọ dị na ngalaba nke microglite nke usoro LTE kpuchie na njedebe nke microglite. Achọpụtaghị ike nke nzaghachi cortical kpalitere na oke dị mma. N'ịtụle myirịta na nkesa kachasị mma n'etiti nkeji ndekọ na LTE-ekpughere na anụ ọhịa sham, enwere ike ikwu na ọdịiche dị na mmeghachi omume neuronal nwere ike ịpụta na mmetụta ndụ nke ihe mgbaàmà LTE kama ịchọta ihe nhụsianya (Fig. 4a) .Ọzọkwa, enweghị mgbanwe na ntụgharị na-egosi mgbanwe na nzaghachi LTE. na, o yikarịrị, a na-esepụta ihe ndekọ ndị a site na otu cortical layers, nke dị na ACx nke mbụ karịa mpaghara nke abụọ.
N'ihe ọmụma anyị, a kọwapụtaghị mmetụta nke LTE na-egosi na nzaghachi neuronal. Otú ọ dị, ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga edepụtala ikike nke GSM-1800 MHz ma ọ bụ 1800 MHz na-aga n'ihu (CW) iji gbanwee ọhụụ nke neuronal, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama dabere na ụzọ nnwale. ganglia gosiri mbelata thresholds maka ịkpalite omume potentials na neuronal modulation. N'aka nke ọzọ, spiking na mgbawa ọrụ na isi neuronal omenala ndị sitere na ụbụrụ oke belatara site ikpughe na GSM-1800 MHz ma ọ bụ 1800 MHz CW maka 15 nkeji na a SAR nke 4.6 W/kg. Nke a na-egbochi ekpughe naanị nkeji 3. enwetara neurons na SAR nke 9.2 W/kg.Ntụle nzaghachi dose gosipụtara na GSM-1800 MHz dị irè karịa 1800 MHz CW na-egbochi ọrụ mgbawa, na-atụ aro na nzaghachi neuronal dabere na mgbanwe mgbaàmà RF.
N'ebe anyị nọ, a na-anakọta nzaghachi cortical evoked na vivo 3 ruo 6 awa mgbe 2-hour isi-naanị ikpughe kwụsịrị. N'ime nnyocha gara aga, anyị nyochara mmetụta nke GSM-1800 MHz na SARACx nke 1.55 W / kg ma chọpụta na ọ dịghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ụda-evoked cortical nzaghachi na ahụike rats.Here,0 e0ked na mmetụta dị mma nke LTE. 0.5 W/kg SARACx bụ ntakịrị mmụba na ogologo oge nke nzaghachi n'elu ngosi nke ụda dị ọcha. Mmetụta a siri ike ịkọwa n'ihi na ọ naghị eso ya na mmụba nke nzaghachi mmeghachi omume, na-atụ aro na ogologo oge nzaghachi a na-eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe omume nke cortical neurons. Otu nkọwa nwere ike ịbụ na ikpughe LTE nwere ike ibelata ọrụ nke ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi, dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ntinye nke AC. na-achịkwa ogologo oge nzaghachi cell pyramidal kpalitere site na ntinye thalamic na-akpali akpali33,34, 35, 36, 37.
N'ụzọ dị iche, na oke ndị a na-agbanye na LPS-akpalite neuroinflammation, LTE ikpughe enweghị mmetụta na ogologo oge nke ụda na-eme ka ụda na-egbuke egbuke na-egbuke egbuke, ma achọpụtara mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ike nke nzaghachi ndị ahụ. ụda dị ọcha na ụda olu .Mbelata nke nzaghachi nke nzaghachi na ụda dị ọcha mere na-enweghị mbelata nke bandwidth n'iji ya gee ntị nke 75 dB, na ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-eme na ụda ụda niile, ọ na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị egwu nke cortical neurons dị ala na etiti frequencies.
Mbelata nke ike nzaghachi evoked gosiri na mmetụta nke akara ngosi LTE na SARACx nke 0.5 W / kg na anụmanụ ndị a na-emeso LPS yiri nke GSM-1800 MHz etinyere na ugboro atọ dị elu SARACx (1.55 W / kg) 28 .Dịka maka GSM na-egosi, isi ikpughe na LTE-1800 nke neuros ACx nwere ike ibelata neuros-isi na neuros ACxability. N'ikwekọ na nkwupụta a, anyị hụkwara ihe na-emekarị na-adabere n'ịtụle nnwale nke nzaghachi neuronal maka ụda olu (Fig 4h) na ibelata ọrụ mberede (Fig 4i) . Otú ọ dị, ọ siri ike ịchọpụta na vivo ma akara ngosi LTE na-ebelata mkpali nke intrinsic neuronal, ma ọ bụ na-ebelata ntinye aka nke AC.
Nke mbụ, nzaghachi ndị a na-esighị ike nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na mbelata intrinsically excitability nke cortical cell mgbe ekpughere ya na LTE 1800 MHz. N'ịkwado echiche a, GSM-1800 MHz na 1800 MHz-CW belatara ọrụ mgbawa mgbe etinyere ya ozugbo na omenala ndị bụ isi nke cortical rat neurons na ọkwa SAR nke 3.24, W / kg na nkwanye ùgwù na W/kg. N'ịkwado maka mbelata mkpali dị n'ime, anyị hụkwara obere mgbọ egbe n'anụmanụ ndị ekpughere anya karịa ka ọ dị n'anụmanụ ekpughere.
Nke abụọ, LTE ikpughe nwekwara ike imetụta synaptic nnyefe si thalamo-cortical ma ọ bụ cortical-cortical synapses. Ọtụtụ ndekọ ugbu a na-egosi na, na auditory cortex, obosara nke spectral n'iji ya gee ntị abụghị nanị kpebisiri ike site afferent thalamic projections, ma na intracortical njikọ na-enye ndị ọzọ spectral ntinye aka na cortical saịtị na-egosi na cortical na-egosi na cortical sites39, ST na-egosi na cortical na-egosi na cortical sites. na anụmanụ ndị na-ekpughere sham na-atụ aro na mmetụta nke mkpughe LTE abụghị mmetụta na njikọta cortical-cortical. Nke a na-egosikwa na njikọ dị elu na mpaghara cortical ndị ọzọ ekpughere na SAR karịa ka a tụrụ na ACx (Fig 2) nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ maka nzaghachi mgbanwe gbanwere ebe a.
N'ebe a, ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ihe ndekọ cortical nke LPS gosipụtara na-egosi ọkwa dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụ ọhịa LPS-sham. N'iburu na a na-atụ aro na a na-achịkwa ọnụ ụzọ cortical acoustic site na ike nke thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, ọ nwere ike na-enyo enyo na thalamo-cortical na-ebufe ma ọ bụ na-eme ka a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke na-eme ka a na-emepụta ya. ọkwa postsynaptic (ọnụọgụ ndị nnata belatara ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta).
Yiri mmetụta nke GSM-1800 MHz, LTE-induced mgbanwe neuronal nzaghachi mere na ọnọdụ nke LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, nke e ji microglial nzaghachi. Ihe àmà na-egosi ugbu a na-egosi na microglia na-emetụta ike ọrụ nke netwọk neuronal na nkịtị na pathological brains41,42,43.Ikike nke neurotransmission nwere ike na-adabere naanị na mmepụta nke neurotransmission nwere ike ọ gaghị adabere n'ịmepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịmepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịmepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịmegharị ihe. neurotransmission, kamakwa na elu motility nke usoro cellular ha. Na cerebral cortex, ma mmụba na mbelata ọrụ nke netwọkụ neuronal na-akpalite mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke microglial spatial ngalaba n'ihi uto nke microglial usoro44,45. Karịsịa, microglial protrusions na-ewe n'akụkụ nso activated thalamocortical synapses na usoro na-egbochi ọrụ nke microglial synapses na-eme ka microglial synapses na-egbochi ọrụ nke microglial. mmepụta adenosine.
N'ime oke a na-agwọ LPS nyefere na GSM-1800 MHz na SARACx na 1.55 W/kg, mbelata ọrụ ACx neurons mere site na uto nke usoro microglial nke akara Iba1 nwere ntụpọ na ACx28 na-abawanye. Nzaghachi.Ọmụmụ ihe anyị ugbu a na-arụ ụka megide echiche a n'ihe gbasara mkpughe isi nke LTE na SARACx na-ejedebe na 0.5 W / kg, ebe ọ bụ na anyị ahụghị mmụba na mpaghara oghere nke usoro microglial kpuchiri . Otú ọ dị, nke a anaghị ewepụ mmetụta ọ bụla nke LTE na-egosi na LPS-activated microglia, nke nwere ike n'aka nke na-emetụta ọrụ neuronal. N'ihu ọmụmụ ihe na-mkpa iji chọpụta ajụjụ nke neuroflammation nke a chọrọ iji chọpụta ajụjụ nke neuroflammation nke a na-eme n'ọdịnihu. nzaghachi neuronal na akara LTE.
N'ihe ọmụma anyị, amụbeghị mmetụta nke akara LTE na nhazi auditory tupu ọmụmụ ihe anyị gara aga 26,28 na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a gosiri na n'ọnọdụ nke nnukwu mbufụt, ikpughe isi naanị na GSM-1800 MHz ma ọ bụ LTE-1800 MHz mere ka mgbanwe ọrụ na nzaghachi neuronal na ACx, dị ka e gosiri site na mmụba na-anụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị emetụta ọrụ abụọ. LTE ikpughe. Nke mbụ, dị ka e gosiri na dosimetry ọmụmụ e gosiri na Figure 2, ndị kasị elu ọkwa nke SAR (nso 1 W / kg) dị na dorsomedial cortex (n'okpuru antenna), na ha na-ebelata nke ukwuu ka otu onye na-emegharị ọzọ n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ. Akụkụ ventral nke isi. Enwere ike ime atụmatụ na ọ bụ ihe dịka 0.1 W / k kanaal) .Nke abụọ, mgbe ekpughere ntị ezi pig maka ọnwa 2 na GSM 900 MHz (ụbọchị 5 / izu, 1 hour / ụbọchị, SAR n'etiti 1 na 4 W / kg), ọ nweghị mgbanwe a na-achọpụta na ịdị ukwuu nke ngwaahịa distortion otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditory Braintem Responses0, Responses0 More 1800 MHz na SAR mpaghara nke 2 W / kg emetụtaghị ọrụ cell cochlear n'elu ntutu isi na oke ike48,49. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-ekwughachi data enwetara n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ebe nyocha egosiwo na 10- ruo 30 nkeji ikpughe na EMF site na ekwentị GSM enweghị mmetụta na-agbanwe agbanwe na nhazi nhazi dị ka a na-enyocha na ọkwa nke ụbụrụ. .
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe anyị, a na-ahụ mgbanwe mgbanwe nke neuronal nke LTE na vivo 3 ruo 6 awa mgbe ekpughere ya kwụsịrị. N'ọmụmụ ihe gara aga na akụkụ dorsomedial nke cortex, ọtụtụ mmetụta nke GSM-1800 MHz kpatara na 24 awa mgbe ekpughere ya adịghịzi achọpụta na 72 awa mgbe ikpughe . Nke a bụ ikpe na mgbasawanye nke usoro microglial na mgbanwe mgbanwe nke usoro transgulation nke microglial. Ndị na-anabata AMPA. N'ịtụle na cortex auditory nwere uru SAR dị ala (0.5W/kg) karịa mpaghara dorsomedial (2.94W/kg26), mgbanwe na ọrụ neuronal a kọrọ ebe a yiri ka ọ na-adịru nwa oge.
Data anyị kwesịrị iburu n'uche oke SAR tozuru oke yana atụmatụ nke ụkpụrụ SAR n'ezie enwetara na cortex cerebral nke ndị na-eji ekwentị mkpanaaka. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-eji echekwa ọha na eze na-etinye oke SAR ka ọ bụrụ 2 W/kg maka isi mpaghara ma ọ bụ mkpughe ọkụ ọkụ na ugboro redio n'ogo 100 kHz na 6 GHz RF.
Ejiri ụdị isi mmadụ dị iche iche mee ihe ngosi dose iji chọpụta mmịnye ike RF n'anụ ahụ dị iche iche nke isi n'oge isi izugbe ma ọ bụ nzikọrịta ekwentị mkpanaaka. Na mgbakwunye na ụdị isi mmadụ dị iche iche, ihe ngosi ndị a na-egosipụta nnukwu ọdịiche ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka n'ịkọpụta ike ụbụrụ na-etinye n'ụbụrụ dabere na akụkụ ahụ ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka mpụta ma ọ bụ n'ime isi nke okpokoro isi, ọkpụrụkpụ, ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke isi mmiri. n'otu n'otu 56,57,58. Ọzọkwa, ekwentị mkpanaaka, dị ka esịtidem ọnọdụ nke antenna na ọnọdụ nke cell ekwentị ikwu na onye ọrụ isi, ike na-emetụta larịị na nkesa nke SAR ụkpụrụ na cerebral cortex59,60. Otú ọ dị, na-atụle nkesa SAR kọrọ na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ mmadụ, nke e guzobere site na redio 18 MHz. 59, 60, ọ dị ka ọkwa SAR enwetara na cortex nke mmadụ ka etinyere ọkara nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ mmadụ. Ihe ọmụmụ anyị (SARACx 0.5 W/kg) ya mere, data anyị anaghị agbagha oke ugbu a nke ụkpụrụ SAR dị n'ihu ọha.
N'ikpeazụ, ọmụmụ ihe anyị na-egosi na otu isi-naanị ikpughe na LTE-1800 MHz na-egbochi nzaghachi neuronal nke cortical neurons na mmetụta sensọ. nhazi cortical nke ihe mkpali auditory.
A nakọtara data na ụbọchị 55 site na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ nke 31 okenye nwoke Wistar rats nwetara na ụlọ nyocha Janvier. A na-etinye oke na iru mmiri (50-55%) na okpomọkụ (22-24 ° C) na-achịkwa ihe owuwu na ìhè / ọchịchịrị okirikiri nke 12 h / 12 h (ọkụ na na 7: 30am na-enweta na mmiri na-enweta n'efu na nri). ụkpụrụ nduzi nke Council of European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive) guzobere, nke yiri nke a kọwara na Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research.This protocol was kwadoro site na Ethics Committee Paris-Sud and Center (CEEA N ° 59, Project 2014-292) Protocol site na iji usoro 2014-292.0. kọmitii a 32-2011 na 34-2012.
A na-ebikarị anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ ndị okpuru ọchịchị opekata mpe otu izu tupu ọgwụgwọ LPS na ikpughe (ma ọ bụ ikpughe ihe nhụsianya) na LTE-EMF.
A na-agbanye oke iri abụọ na abụọ na intraperitoneal (ip) na E. coli LPS (250 μg / kg, serotype 0127: B8, SIGMA) na saline isotonic na-enweghị endotoxin na-adịghị mma 24 awa tupu LTE ma ọ bụ ikpughe sham (n kwa otu). = 11) .Na nwa nwoke Wistar nke ọnwa 2, ọgwụgwọ LPS a na-emepụta nzaghachi neuroinflammatory nke a na-ede na cortex cerebral site na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) na-achịkwa 24 awa mgbe 24-folds gbakwunyere na traktị nke traktị nke LPS na-abawanye na 2. na-edobe NOX2 enzyme na interleukin 1ß, n'otu n'otu. N'oge 24-h a, cortical microglia na-egosipụta ụdị morphology cell "dị oke" nke a na-atụ anya ya site na LPS-triggered pro-inflammatory activation nke mkpụrụ ndụ (Njirimara 1), nke dị iche na ntinye nke LPS na-akpali ndị ọzọ. Nkwalite pro-inflammatory cellular dabara na 24, 61.
A na-eme ihe ngosi nke isi naanị na LTE EMF site na iji nhazi nyocha nke a na-eji na mbụ iji nyochaa mmetụta nke GSM EMF26.LTE ekpughere 24 awa mgbe LPS injection (anụmanụ 11) ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ LPS (anụmanụ 5) .Anụmanụ na-eji ketamine / xylazine (ketamine 80 mg / kg, ketamine 80 mg / kg, ip; 10 mg / kg), ikpughe na ip; isi anụ ahụ nọ na eriri akaghị aka na-ebunye akara ngosi LTE Reproducible ebe dị n'okpuru ebe a. Ọkara nke oke si n'otu ọnụ ụlọ na-eje ozi dị ka njikwa (11 sham-exposed anụmanụ, nke 22 oke pretreated na LPS): a na-etinye ha n'okpuru antenna akaghị na ike nke akara LTE ka edobere na zero. Arọ nke ekpughere na sham 5, 5 - 0. ns) .A na-etinye anụmanụ niile na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweghị ígwè iji nọgide na-enwe okpomọkụ nke ahụ ha gburugburu 37 ° C n'oge nnwale ahụ niile. Dị ka ọ dị na nyocha ndị gara aga, a na-etinye oge ngosi ahụ na awa 2. Mgbe ikpughe, tinye anụ ahụ n'elu ihe mkpuchi ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ime ụlọ ọrụ. A na-etinye usoro mgbasa ozi ahụ na 10 dị mma rats (enweghị ọgwụgwọ na LPS), ọkara nke ndị si na sham-4 (4) .
Usoro mgbasa ozi yiri usoro 25, 62 nke a kọwara na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga, na-eji igwe na-emepụta redio dochie anya ịmepụta LTE kama GSM electromagnetic fields. N'ụzọ dị nkenke, onye na-emepụta RF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Germany) na-ebupụta LTE - 1800 MHz na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta LTE - 1800 MHz, na-ejikọta ya na ọkụ ọkụ-HLWZ2 ampl4 ampel-ifier 2 ampel-ifier na ọkụ eletrik 4. Obere-Circuits, USA), onye na-ekesa (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), ụzọ abụọ (CD D 1824-2, - 30 dB, Sodhy, France) na ike nkewa ụzọ anọ (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, France), na-enye ohere n'otu oge Expose ike2 USA anọ Anụmanụ A. ka a bidirectional coupler kwere na-aga n'ihu nha na nlekota nke merenụ na-egosipụta ike n'ime ngwaọrụ. Onye ọ bụla mmepụta ejikọrọ na a akaghị antenna (Sama-Sistemi srl; Roma), na-enyere ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ikpughe nke anụmanụ si head.The akaghị antenna mejupụtara a e biri ebi sekit na abụọ metal edoghi (dielectric mgbe niile εr = 4.6) kanyere na ihe insulating ngwaọrụ nke obosara 1 epotxy. na-akpụ mgbanaka etinyere nso n'isi anụmanụ. Dị ka na gara aga ọmụmụ26,62, kpọmkwem absorption ọnụego (SAR) e kpebisiri ike numerically iji a numerical rat model na a njedebe dị iche oge ngalaba (FDTD) method63,64,65.Ha na-ekpebikwa experimentally na homogeneous oke nlereanya iji Luxtron nyocha iji Luxtron SAR iji tụọ, usoro SAR na-agbakọ na okpomọkụ. C ΔT / Δt, ebe C bụ ike okpomọkụ na J / (kg K), ΔT, na Celsius K na Δt mgbanwe okpomọkụ, oge na sekọnd. The numerically kpebisiri ike ụkpụrụ SAR tụnyere nnwale SAR ụkpụrụ enwetara site na iji a homogenous nlereanya, karịsịa na Ẹkot oke ụbụrụ region.The ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụọgụ SAR nha bụ obere 3 uru nke SAR achọpụtara 3%.
Ọgụgụ 2a na-egosi nkesa SAR na ụbụrụ oke na ụdị oke, nke dabara na nkesa n'ihe gbasara ịdị arọ ahụ na nha oke nke ejiri na ọmụmụ ihe anyị.Brain pụtara SAR bụ 0.37 ± 0.23 W / kg (pụtara ± SD) ụkpụrụ SAR kacha elu na mpaghara cortical dị n'okpuru antenna loop. SAR ACx0.00 dị na ACx . W/kg (pụtara ± SD) (Fig 2b) Ebe ọ bụ na arọ anụ ahụ nke oke ekpughere bụ otu na ọdịiche dị na ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, a na-atụ anya na SAR nke ACx ma ọ bụ akụkụ cortical ndị ọzọ yiri nke ahụ n'etiti otu anụ ahụ ekpughere na nke ọzọ.
Na njedebe nke ikpughe, a na-agbakwunye anụmanụ ndị ọzọ doses nke ketamine (20 mg / kg, ip) na xylazine (4 mg / kg, ip) ruo mgbe a na-ahụghị mmegharị reflex mgbe etinyere azụ azụ azụ. A na-agbanye ọgwụ anestetiiki mpaghara (Xylocain 2%) n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ na-adịru nwa oge, na anụ ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu okpokoro isi. Anumanu na etiti stereotaxic, a na-eme craniotomy n'elu akụkụ aka ekpe nke aka ekpe. Dị ka ọmụmụ anyị gara aga66, malite na nkwụsị nke ọkpụkpụ parietal na ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ, oghere ahụ dị 9 mm n'obosara na 5 mm elu. A na-ewepụ dura dị n'elu ACx nke ọma n'okpuru nchịkwa binocular na-enweghị imebi arịa ọbara. N'ikpeazụ, a na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ azụ ahụ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. ndozi nke isi anụmanụ n'oge ndekọ. Debe stereotaxic frame na-akwado anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ acoustic attenuation chamber (IAC, model AC1).
E nwetara data site na ndekọ multi-unit na isi auditory cortex nke 20 oke, gụnyere 10 anụmanụ pretreated na LPS. Extracellular ndekọ e nwetara site n'usoro nke 16 tungsten electrodes (TDT, ø: 33 µm, <1 MΩ) nke nwere ahịrị abụọ nke 8 electrodes spaced n'etiti 100m electrodes n'etiti 100 µm. Otu ahịrị .A silver waya (ø: 300 µm) maka grounding etinyere n'etiti temporal ọkpụkpụ na contralateral dura.The atụmatụ na ọnọdụ nke isi ACx bụ 4-7 mm n'azụ na bregma na 3 mm ventral na supratemporal suture.The raw mgbaàmà na-amụba 10,000 a multi-channel data usoro (TD) a multi-channel usoro. (RX5, TDT) .Signals anakọtara site na onye ọ bụla electrode na-nyo (610-10,000 Hz) wepụ multi-unit ọrụ (MUA) .Trigger etoju e nlezianya ka enịm maka onye ọ bụla electrode (site coauthors kpuo ìsì na-ekpughe ma ọ bụ sham-ekpughe na-ekwu) iji họrọ kasị ukwuu edinam nwere si signal.On-akara na anya-line nnyocha nke ebe a mejupụtara nwere ike na-anakọta. site na 3 ruo 6 neurons dị nso na electrodes. Ná mmalite nke nnwale ọ bụla, anyị na-edobe ọnọdụ nke eriri electrode ka ahịrị abụọ nke electrodes asatọ nwere ike ịlele neurons, site na nzaghachi dị ala ruo elu ugboro ugboro mgbe a na-eme ya na ntụgharị rostral.
A na-emepụta ihe mkpali Acoustic na Matlab, na-ebufe ya na RP2.1 dabeere na usoro nnyefe ụda (TDT) ma ziga ya na ụda ụda Fostex (FE87E) .A na-etinye ụda olu 2 cm site na ntị aka nri nke oke oke, bụ nke na-eme ka ụda olu na-emepụta ihe dị larịị (± 340 kHz) n'etiti . Emere calibration site na iji mkpọtụ na ụda dị ọcha nke e dekọrọ na Bruel na Kjaer microphone 4133 tinyere preamplifier B&K 2169 na onye na-edekọ dijitalụ Marantz PMD671. A na-ekpebi ebe Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) site na iji 97 gamma-tone frequencies, na-ekpuchi 8 (0.14-36 kHz) na random SPL, nke a na-enye na 8 (0.14-36 kHz). 4.15 Hz. A na-ekpebi mpaghara nzaghachi ugboro ugboro (FRA) site na iji otu ụda ụda ma gosipụta ya n'usoro na 2 Hz site na 75 ruo 5 dB SPL. A na-ewepụta ugboro asatọ ugboro asatọ na ike ọ bụla.
A tụlekwara nzaghachi maka mkpali eke. N'ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga, anyị chọpụtara na ụda olu oke anaghị ewepụta azịza siri ike na ACx, n'agbanyeghị ugboro ole neuronal kacha mma (BF), ebe xenograft-kpọmkwem (dịka, egwu nnụnụ ma ọ bụ pig pig) na-abụkarị maapụ ụda dum. ejikọrọ whistle eji na 36 na 1 s nke mkpali, ewepụtara ugboro 25).
Anyị nwekwara ike hazie rf pasive components dị ka ihe ị chọrọ. Ị nwere ike itinye ibe nhazi iji nye nkọwapụta nke ịchọrọ.
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Oge nzipu: Jun-23-2022
